This suggests a pivot away from pursuing HIsarna in its European operations. While the technology could facilitate easier CCUS compared to a blast furnace, CCUS was not implemented in the pilot and in 2021, Tata Steel announced that it would instead pursue hydrogen direct reduced iron at the Ijmuiden plant. Tata Steel's pilot plant in IJmuiden, Netherlands, successfully tested the HIsarna enhanced smelt-reduction technology in 2018-2019.The aim is to expand this to 1 Mt in 2025 and 10 Mt in 2035. The “3D” Carbon Capture pilot in Dunkirk, France, began operations in March 2022, starting with the capture of 0.4 kt per year from BF-based production in the demonstration phase.These developments represent an increase in the technology readiness level (TRL) to TRL 6. Outside Sweden, other companies are also advancing towards hydrogen DRI development, including a demonstration plant being designed in Hamburg, Germany. Major challenges for full operation are sufficient grid capacity and electricity supply to run the electrolysers, which could be exacerbated by the announcement of another green steel production facility in Sweden, H2 Green Steel. The project is aiming to demonstrate the technology at industrial-scale production as early as 2026. A pilot line began operations in summer 2020, a trial delivery of the first fossil fuel-free steel took place in August 2021, and a pilot hydrogen storage cavern opened in June 2022. The HYBRIT project in Sweden, which is developing hydrogen-based DRI production.Key projects currently under development that could contribute to closing this gap are as follows: The speed of innovation needs to accelerate since currently announced CCUS and hydrogen projects are not on track to reach the milestones for 2030 in the Net Zero Scenario. To fill the gap between currently announced projects and the Net Zero Scenario milestones, between 20 and 50 additional projects of a size similar to current projects are needed globally in a tight timeframe of only eight years. By 2030 CCUS-equipped routes for steel production capture nearly 50 Mt CO 2 and electrolytic hydrogen demand for H2-DRI reaches around 4 Mt. In the Net Zero Scenario, near zero-emission production – the H2-DRI route and CCUS-equipped routes – commences at scale in the 2020s, accounting for more than 5% of primary production by 2030. Innovative technologies for primary steel production – not currently available on the market today – need to be developed at commercial scale and begin deployment before 2030. The scrap collection rate is currently about 85%, with rates by end use varying from as low as 50% (for structural reinforcement steel) to as high as 97% (for industrial equipment). The main constraint governing this route is the availability of scrap. The scrap EAF route is considerably less energy-intensive than producing steel from iron ore (so-called “primary production”) in the BF-BOF or DRI-EAF routes, leading to significant emission reductions without innovation. Governments can help by providing RD&D funding, creating a market for near zero-emission steel, adopting policies for mandatory CO 2 emission reductions, expanding international co‑operation and developing supporting infrastructure. The current pipeline of projects clearly nonetheless falls short of what is required to meet the Net Zero Scenario. Recently announced projects include for example SALCOS (Germany), Liberty Steel DRI plant (France), Iberdrola – H2 Green Steel (Iberian Peninsula), or Green Steel - H2V CAP (Chile). After the Hybrit (Sweden) project successfully piloted the first fossil-free steel delivery to a customer in August 2021, many new projects and related funding have been announced tripling the global number of projects and leading roughly to a five-fold increase of expected hydrogen capacity. Technological progress supported by high fossil fuel prices supported momentum for near zero steel production and particularly direct reduction of hydrogen (H2 DRI). Since the emissions reduction potential of energy efficiency improvements and fuel shifting using conventional process technology is limited, innovation in the current decade will be crucial to commercialise new near zero-emission steel production processes – including those that integrate carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) and hydrogen – to achieve deeper cuts in emissions. In contrast to the minor annual improvements in the last decade, the CO 2 intensity in the Net Zero Scenario falls by around 3% annually on average between 20. The direct CO 2 intensity of crude steel production has decreased slightly in the past few years, but efforts need to be accelerated to get on track with the pathway in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario.
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